Categorical plots#

Scatters#

Sometimes there are many values associated with each category. For example, a series of measurements on different days of the week. In this case, you can visualize your data using a categorical scatter plot.

Adding jitter#

To avoid overlap between numerous scatter points for a single category, use the jitter() function to give each point a random offset.

The example below shows a scatter plot of every commit time for a GitHub user between 2012 and 2016. It groups commits by day of the week. By default, this plot would show thousands of points overlapping in a narrow line for each day. The jitter function lets you differentiate the points to produce a useful plot:

from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
from bokeh.sampledata.commits import data
from bokeh.transform import jitter

DAYS = ['Sun', 'Sat', 'Fri', 'Thu', 'Wed', 'Tue', 'Mon']

source = ColumnDataSource(data)

p = figure(width=800, height=300, y_range=DAYS, x_axis_type='datetime',
           title="Commits by Time of Day (US/Central) 2012-2016")

p.scatter(x='time', y=jitter('day', width=0.6, range=p.y_range),  source=source, alpha=0.3)

p.xaxis.formatter.days = '%Hh'
p.x_range.range_padding = 0
p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None

show(p)

Series#

There may also be ordered series of data associated with each category. In such cases, the series can be represented as a line or area plotted for each category. To accomplish this, Bokeh has a concept of categorical offsets that can afford explicit control over positioning “within” a category.

Categorical offsets#

Outside of the dodge and jitter functions, you can also supply an offset to a categorical location explicitly. To do so, add a numeric value to the end of a category. For example, ["Jan", 0.2] gives the category “Jan” an offset of 0.2.

For multi-level categories, add the value at the end of the existing list: ["West", "Sales", -0,2]. Bokeh interprets any numeric value at the end of a list of categories as an offset.

Take the fruit example above and modify it as follows:

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']

offsets = [-0.5, -0.2, 0.0, 0.3, 0.1, 0.3]

# This results in [ ['Apples', -0.5], ['Pears', -0.2], ... ]
x = list(zip(fruits, offsets))

p.vbar(x=x, top=[5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6], width=0.8)

This will shift each bar horizontally by the corresponding offset.

Below is a more sophisticated example of a ridge plot. It uses categorical offsets to specify patch coordinates for each category.

import colorcet as cc
from numpy import linspace
from scipy.stats import gaussian_kde

from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, FixedTicker, PrintfTickFormatter
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
from bokeh.sampledata.perceptions import probly


def ridge(category, data, scale=20):
    return list(zip([category]*len(data), scale*data))

cats = list(reversed(probly.keys()))

palette = [cc.rainbow[i*15] for i in range(17)]

x = linspace(-20,110, 500)

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(x=x))

p = figure(y_range=cats, width=900, x_range=(-5, 105), toolbar_location=None)

for i, cat in enumerate(reversed(cats)):
    pdf = gaussian_kde(probly[cat])
    y = ridge(cat, pdf(x))
    source.add(y, cat)
    p.patch('x', cat, color=palette[i], alpha=0.6, line_color="black", source=source)

p.outline_line_color = None
p.background_fill_color = "#efefef"

p.xaxis.ticker = FixedTicker(ticks=list(range(0, 101, 10)))
p.xaxis.formatter = PrintfTickFormatter(format="%d%%")

p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = "#dddddd"
p.xgrid.ticker = p.xaxis.ticker

p.axis.minor_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.major_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.axis_line_color = None

p.y_range.range_padding = 0.12

show(p)

Heatmaps#

It is possible to have values associated with pairs of categories. In this situation, applying different color shades to rectangles that represent a pair of categories will produce a categorical heatmap. Such a plot has two categorical axes.

The following plot lists years from 1948 to 2016 on its x-axis and months of the year on the y-axis. Each rectangle of the plot corresponds to a (year, month) pair. The color of the rectangle indicates the rate of unemployment in a given month of a given year.

This example uses the LinearColorMapper to map the colors of the plot because the unemployment rate is a continuous variable. This mapper is also passed to the color bar to provide a visual legend on the right:

from math import pi

import pandas as pd

from bokeh.models import BasicTicker, PrintfTickFormatter
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
from bokeh.sampledata.unemployment1948 import data
from bokeh.transform import linear_cmap

data['Year'] = data['Year'].astype(str)
data = data.set_index('Year')
data.drop('Annual', axis=1, inplace=True)
data.columns.name = 'Month'

years = list(data.index)
months = list(reversed(data.columns))

# reshape to 1D array or rates with a month and year for each row.
df = pd.DataFrame(data.stack(), columns=['rate']).reset_index()

# this is the colormap from the original NYTimes plot
colors = ["#75968f", "#a5bab7", "#c9d9d3", "#e2e2e2", "#dfccce", "#ddb7b1", "#cc7878", "#933b41", "#550b1d"]

TOOLS = "hover,save,pan,box_zoom,reset,wheel_zoom"

p = figure(title=f"US Unemployment ({years[0]} - {years[-1]})",
           x_range=years, y_range=months,
           x_axis_location="above", width=900, height=400,
           tools=TOOLS, toolbar_location='below',
           tooltips=[('date', '@Month @Year'), ('rate', '@rate%')])

p.grid.grid_line_color = None
p.axis.axis_line_color = None
p.axis.major_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.major_label_text_font_size = "7px"
p.axis.major_label_standoff = 0
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = pi / 3

r = p.rect(x="Year", y="Month", width=1, height=1, source=df,
           fill_color=linear_cmap("rate", colors, low=df.rate.min(), high=df.rate.max()),
           line_color=None)

p.add_layout(r.construct_color_bar(
    major_label_text_font_size="7px",
    ticker=BasicTicker(desired_num_ticks=len(colors)),
    formatter=PrintfTickFormatter(format="%d%%"),
    label_standoff=6,
    border_line_color=None,
    padding=5
), 'right')

show(p)

The following periodic table is a good example of the techniques in this chapter:

  • Color mappers

  • Visual offsets

  • pandas DataFrames

  • Tooltips

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
from bokeh.sampledata.periodic_table import elements
from bokeh.transform import dodge, factor_cmap

periods = ["I", "II", "III", "IV", "V", "VI", "VII"]
groups = [str(x) for x in range(1, 19)]

df = elements.copy()
df["atomic mass"] = df["atomic mass"].astype(str)
df["group"] = df["group"].astype(str)
df["period"] = [periods[x-1] for x in df.period]
df = df[df.group != "-"]
df = df[df.symbol != "Lr"]
df = df[df.symbol != "Lu"]

cmap = {
    "alkali metal"         : "#a6cee3",
    "alkaline earth metal" : "#1f78b4",
    "metal"                : "#d93b43",
    "halogen"              : "#999d9a",
    "metalloid"            : "#e08d49",
    "noble gas"            : "#eaeaea",
    "nonmetal"             : "#f1d4Af",
    "transition metal"     : "#599d7A",
}

TOOLTIPS = [
    ("Name", "@name"),
    ("Atomic number", "@{atomic number}"),
    ("Atomic mass", "@{atomic mass}"),
    ("Type", "@metal"),
    ("CPK color", "$color[hex, swatch]:CPK"),
    ("Electronic configuration", "@{electronic configuration}"),
]

p = figure(title="Periodic Table (omitting LA and AC Series)", width=1000, height=450,
           x_range=groups, y_range=list(reversed(periods)),
           tools="hover", toolbar_location=None, tooltips=TOOLTIPS)

r = p.rect("group", "period", 0.95, 0.95, source=df, fill_alpha=0.6, legend_field="metal",
           color=factor_cmap('metal', palette=list(cmap.values()), factors=list(cmap.keys())))

text_props = dict(source=df, text_align="left", text_baseline="middle")

x = dodge("group", -0.4, range=p.x_range)

p.text(x=x, y="period", text="symbol", text_font_style="bold", **text_props)

p.text(x=x, y=dodge("period", 0.3, range=p.y_range), text="atomic number",
       text_font_size="11px", **text_props)

p.text(x=x, y=dodge("period", -0.35, range=p.y_range), text="name",
       text_font_size="7px", **text_props)

p.text(x=x, y=dodge("period", -0.2, range=p.y_range), text="atomic mass",
       text_font_size="7px", **text_props)

p.text(x=["3", "3"], y=["VI", "VII"], text=["LA", "AC"], text_align="center", text_baseline="middle")

p.outline_line_color = None
p.grid.grid_line_color = None
p.axis.axis_line_color = None
p.axis.major_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.major_label_standoff = 0
p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"
p.legend.location ="top_center"
p.hover.renderers = [r] # only hover element boxes

show(p)