Handling categorical data

In addition to plotting numerical data on continuous ranges, you can also use Bokeh to plot categorical data on categorical ranges.

Basic categorical ranges are represented in Bokeh as sequences of strings. For example, a list of the four seasons:

seasons = ["Winter", "Spring", "Summer", "Fall"]

Bokeh can also handle hierarchical categories. For example, you can use nested sequences of strings to represent the individual months within each yearly quarter:

months_by_quarter = [
    ("Q1", "Jan"), ("Q1", "Feb"), ("Q1", "Mar"),
    ("Q2", "Apr"), ("Q2", "May"), ("Q2", "Jun"),
    ("Q3", "Jul"), ("Q3", "Aug"), ("Q3", "Sep"),
    ("Q4", "Oct"), ("Q4", "Nov"), ("Q4", "Dec"),
]

Depending on the structure of your data, you can use different kinds of charts: bar charts, categorical heatmaps, jitter plots, and others. This chapter will present several kinds of common plot types for categorical data.

Bars

One of the most common ways to handle categorical data is to present it in a bar chart. Bar charts have one categorical axis and one continuous axis. Bar charts are useful when there is one value to plot for each category.

The values associated with each category are represented by drawing a bar for that category. The length of this bar along the continuous axis corresponds to the value for that category.

Bar charts may also be stacked or grouped together according to hierarchical sub-categories. This section will demonstrate how to draw a variety of different categorical bar charts.

Basic

To create a basic bar chart, use the hbar() (horizontal bars) or vbar() (vertical bars) glyph methods. The example below shows a sequence of simple 1-level categories.

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']

To assign these categories to the x-axis, pass this list as the x_range argument to figure().

p = figure(x_range=fruits, ... )

Doing so is a convenient shorthand for creating a FactorRange object. The equivalent explicit notation is:

p = figure(x_range=FactorRange(factors=fruits), ... )

This form is useful when you want to customize the FactorRange, for example, by changing the range or category padding.

Next, call vbar() with the list of fruit names as the x coordinate and the bar height as the top coordinate. You can also specify width or other optional properties.

p.vbar(x=fruits, top=[5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6], width=0.9)

Combining the above produces the following output:

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("bars.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
counts = [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6]

p = figure(x_range=fruits, height=250, title="Fruit counts",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar(x=fruits, top=counts, width=0.9)

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.y_range.start = 0

show(p)

You can also assign the data to a ColumnDataSource and supply it as the source parameter to vbar() instead of passing the data directly as parameters. You will see this in later examples.

Sorting

To order the bars of a given plot, sort the categories by value.

The example below sorts the fruit categories in ascending order based on counts and rearranges the bars accordingly.

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("bar_sorted.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
counts = [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6]

# sorting the bars means sorting the range factors
sorted_fruits = sorted(fruits, key=lambda x: counts[fruits.index(x)])

p = figure(x_range=sorted_fruits, height=350, title="Fruit counts",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar(x=fruits, top=counts, width=0.9)

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.y_range.start = 0

show(p)

Filling

Colors

You can color the bars in several ways:

• Supply all the colors along with the rest of the data to a ColumnDataSource and assign the name of the color column to the color argument of vbar().

  from bokeh.io import output_file, show
  from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
  from bokeh.palettes import Spectral6
  from bokeh.plotting import figure
  
  output_file("colormapped_bars.html")
  
  fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
  counts = [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6]
  
  source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(fruits=fruits, counts=counts, color=Spectral6))
  
  p = figure(x_range=fruits, y_range=(0,9), height=250, title="Fruit counts",
             toolbar_location=None, tools="")
  
  p.vbar(x='fruits', top='counts', width=0.9, color='color', legend_field="fruits", source=source)
  
  p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
  p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"
  p.legend.location = "top_center"
  
  show(p)
  

  You can also use the color column with the line_color and fill_color arguments to change outline and fill colors, respectively.

• Use the CategoricalColorMapper model to map bar colors in a browser. You can do this with the factor_cmap() function.

  factor_cmap('fruits', palette=Spectral6, factors=fruits)
  

  You can then pass the result of this function to the color argument of vbar() to achieve the same result:

  from bokeh.io import output_file, show
  from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
  from bokeh.palettes import Spectral6
  from bokeh.plotting import figure
  from bokeh.transform import factor_cmap
  
  output_file("colormapped_bars.html")
  
  fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
  counts = [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6]
  
  source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(fruits=fruits, counts=counts))
  
  p = figure(x_range=fruits, height=250, toolbar_location=None, title="Fruit counts")
  p.vbar(x='fruits', top='counts', width=0.9, source=source, legend_field="fruits",
         line_color='white', fill_color=factor_cmap('fruits', palette=Spectral6, factors=fruits))
  
  p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
  p.y_range.start = 0
  p.y_range.end = 9
  p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"
  p.legend.location = "top_center"
  
  show(p)
  

  See Using mappers for more information on using Bokeh’s color mappers.

Stacking

To stack vertical bars, use the vbar_stack() function. The example below uses three sets of fruit data. Each set corresponds to a year. This example produces a bar chart for each set and stacks each fruit’s bar elements on top of each other.

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("stacked.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
years = ["2015", "2016", "2017"]
colors = ["#c9d9d3", "#718dbf", "#e84d60"]

data = {'fruits' : fruits,
        '2015'   : [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],
        '2016'   : [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6],
        '2017'   : [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}

p = figure(x_range=fruits, height=250, title="Fruit counts by year",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar_stack(years, x='fruits', width=0.9, color=colors, source=data,
             legend_label=years)

p.y_range.start = 0
p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.axis.minor_tick_line_color = None
p.outline_line_color = None
p.legend.location = "top_left"
p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"

show(p)

You can also stack bars that represent positive and negative values:

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.palettes import GnBu3, OrRd3
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("stacked_split.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
years = ["2015", "2016", "2017"]

exports = {'fruits' : fruits,
           '2015'   : [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],
           '2016'   : [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6],
           '2017'   : [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}
imports = {'fruits' : fruits,
           '2015'   : [-1, 0, -1, -3, -2, -1],
           '2016'   : [-2, -1, -3, -1, -2, -2],
           '2017'   : [-1, -2, -1, 0, -2, -2]}

p = figure(y_range=fruits, height=250, x_range=(-16, 16), title="Fruit import/export, by year",
           toolbar_location=None)

p.hbar_stack(years, y='fruits', height=0.9, color=GnBu3, source=ColumnDataSource(exports),
             legend_label=["%s exports" % x for x in years])

p.hbar_stack(years, y='fruits', height=0.9, color=OrRd3, source=ColumnDataSource(imports),
             legend_label=["%s imports" % x for x in years])

p.y_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None
p.legend.location = "top_left"
p.axis.minor_tick_line_color = None
p.outline_line_color = None

show(p)

Tooltips

Bokeh automatically sets the name property of each layer to its name in the data set. You can use the $name variable to display the names on tooltips. You can also use the @$name tooltip variable to retrieve values for each item in a layer from the data set.

The example below demonstrates both behaviors:

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("stacked.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
years = ["2015", "2016", "2017"]
colors = ["#c9d9d3", "#718dbf", "#e84d60"]

data = {'fruits' : fruits,
        '2015'   : [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],
        '2016'   : [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6],
        '2017'   : [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}

p = figure(x_range=fruits, height=250, title="Fruit counts by year",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="hover", tooltips="$name @fruits: @$name")

p.vbar_stack(years, x='fruits', width=0.9, color=colors, source=data,
             legend_label=years)

p.y_range.start = 0
p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.axis.minor_tick_line_color = None
p.outline_line_color = None
p.legend.location = "top_left"
p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"

show(p)

You can override the value of name by passing it manually to the vbar_stack or hbar_stack function. In this case, $@name will correspond to the names you provide.

The hbar_stack and vbar_stack functions return a list of all the renderers (one per bar stack). You can use this list to customize the tooltips for each layer.

renderers = p.vbar_stack(years, x='fruits', width=0.9, color=colors, source=source,
                         legend=[value(x) for x in years], name=years)

for r in renderers:
    year = r.name
    hover = HoverTool(tooltips=[
        ("%s total" % year, "@%s" % year),
        ("index", "$index")
    ], renderers=[r])
    p.add_tools(hover)

Grouping

Instead of stacking, you also have the option to group the bars. Depending on your use case, you can achieve this in two ways:

• With nested categories

• With visual offsets

Nested categories

If you provide several subsets of data, Bokeh automatically groups the bars into labeled categories, tags each bar with the name of the subset it represents, and adds a separator between the categories.

The example below creates a sequence of fruit-year pairs (tuples) and groups the bars by fruit name with a single call to vbar().

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, FactorRange
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("bars.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
years = ['2015', '2016', '2017']

data = {'fruits' : fruits,
        '2015'   : [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],
        '2016'   : [5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 6],
        '2017'   : [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}

# this creates [ ("Apples", "2015"), ("Apples", "2016"), ("Apples", "2017"), ("Pears", "2015), ... ]
x = [ (fruit, year) for fruit in fruits for year in years ]
counts = sum(zip(data['2015'], data['2016'], data['2017']), ()) # like an hstack

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(x=x, counts=counts))

p = figure(x_range=FactorRange(*x), height=250, title="Fruit counts by year",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar(x='x', top='counts', width=0.9, source=source)

p.y_range.start = 0
p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None

show(p)

To apply different colors to the bars, use factor_cmap() for fill_color in the vbar() function call as follows:

p.vbar(x='x', top='counts', width=0.9, source=source, line_color="white",

       # use the palette to colormap based on the the x[1:2] values
       fill_color=factor_cmap('x', palette=palette, factors=years, start=1, end=2))

The start=1 and end=2 in the call to factor_cmap() use the year in the (fruit, year) pair for color mapping.

Visual offset

Take a scenario with separate sequences of (fruit, year) pairs instead of a single data table. You can plot the sequences with separate calls to vbar(). However, since every bar in each group belongs to the same fruit category, the bars will overlap. To avoid this behavior, use the dodge() function to provide an offset for each call to vbar().

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.transform import dodge

output_file("dodged_bars.html")

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']
years = ['2015', '2016', '2017']

data = {'fruits' : fruits,
        '2015'   : [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],
        '2016'   : [5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 6],
        '2017'   : [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}

source = ColumnDataSource(data=data)

p = figure(x_range=fruits, y_range=(0, 10), height=250, title="Fruit counts by year",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar(x=dodge('fruits', -0.25, range=p.x_range), top='2015', width=0.2, source=source,
       color="#c9d9d3", legend_label="2015")

p.vbar(x=dodge('fruits',  0.0,  range=p.x_range), top='2016', width=0.2, source=source,
       color="#718dbf", legend_label="2016")

p.vbar(x=dodge('fruits',  0.25, range=p.x_range), top='2017', width=0.2, source=source,
       color="#e84d60", legend_label="2017")

p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.legend.location = "top_left"
p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"

show(p)

Stacking and grouping

You can also combine the above techniques to create plots of stacked and grouped bars. Here is an example that groups bars by quarter and stacks them by region:

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, FactorRange
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("bar_stacked_grouped.html")

factors = [
    ("Q1", "jan"), ("Q1", "feb"), ("Q1", "mar"),
    ("Q2", "apr"), ("Q2", "may"), ("Q2", "jun"),
    ("Q3", "jul"), ("Q3", "aug"), ("Q3", "sep"),
    ("Q4", "oct"), ("Q4", "nov"), ("Q4", "dec"),

]

regions = ['east', 'west']

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(
    x=factors,
    east=[ 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 6, 9 ],
    west=[ 5, 7, 9, 4, 5, 4, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7 ],
))

p = figure(x_range=FactorRange(*factors), height=250,
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar_stack(regions, x='x', width=0.9, alpha=0.5, color=["blue", "red"], source=source,
             legend_label=regions)

p.y_range.start = 0
p.y_range.end = 18
p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.legend.location = "top_center"
p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"

show(p)

Mixed factors

You can use any level in a multi-level data structure to position glyphs.

The example below groups bars for each month into financial quarters and adds a quarterly average line at the group center coordinates from Q1 to Q4.

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import FactorRange
from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file("mixed.html")

factors = [
    ("Q1", "jan"), ("Q1", "feb"), ("Q1", "mar"),
    ("Q2", "apr"), ("Q2", "may"), ("Q2", "jun"),
    ("Q3", "jul"), ("Q3", "aug"), ("Q3", "sep"),
    ("Q4", "oct"), ("Q4", "nov"), ("Q4", "dec"),

]

p = figure(x_range=FactorRange(*factors), height=250,
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

x = [ 10, 12, 16, 9, 10, 8, 12, 13, 14, 14, 12, 16 ]
p.vbar(x=factors, top=x, width=0.9, alpha=0.5)

p.line(x=["Q1", "Q2", "Q3", "Q4"], y=[12, 9, 13, 14], color="red", line_width=2)

p.y_range.start = 0
p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None

show(p)

Using pandas

pandas is a powerful and popular tool for analyzing tabular and time series data in Python. While not necessary, it can make working with Bokeh easier.

For example, you can use the GroupBy objects offered by pandas to initialize a ColumnDataSource and automatically create columns for many statistical parameters, such as group mean and count. You can also pass these GroupBy objects as a range argument to figure.

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.palettes import Spectral5
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.autompg import autompg as df
from bokeh.transform import factor_cmap

output_file("groupby.html")

df.cyl = df.cyl.astype(str)
group = df.groupby('cyl')

source = ColumnDataSource(group)

cyl_cmap = factor_cmap('cyl', palette=Spectral5, factors=sorted(df.cyl.unique()))

p = figure(height=350, x_range=group, title="MPG by # cylinders",
           toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar(x='cyl', top='mpg_mean', width=1, source=source,
       line_color=cyl_cmap, fill_color=cyl_cmap)

p.y_range.start = 0
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.xaxis.axis_label = "some stuff"
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1.2
p.outline_line_color = None

show(p)

The example above groups data by the column 'cyl', which is why the ColumnDataSource includes this column. It also adds associated columns to non-grouped categories such as 'mpg', providing, for instance, a mean number of miles per gallon in the 'mpg_mean' column.

This also works with multi-level groups. The example below groups the same data by ('cyl', 'mfr') and displays it in nested categories distributed along the x-axis. Here, the index column name 'cyl_mfr' is made by joining the names of the grouped columns.

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.palettes import Spectral5
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.autompg import autompg_clean as df
from bokeh.transform import factor_cmap

output_file("bar_pandas_groupby_nested.html")

df.cyl = df.cyl.astype(str)
df.yr = df.yr.astype(str)

group = df.groupby(by=['cyl', 'mfr'])

index_cmap = factor_cmap('cyl_mfr', palette=Spectral5, factors=sorted(df.cyl.unique()), end=1)

p = figure(width=800, height=300, title="Mean MPG by # cylinders and manufacturer",
           x_range=group, toolbar_location=None, tooltips=[("MPG", "@mpg_mean"), ("Cyl, Mfr", "@cyl_mfr")])

p.vbar(x='cyl_mfr', top='mpg_mean', width=1, source=group,
       line_color="white", fill_color=index_cmap, )

p.y_range.start = 0
p.x_range.range_padding = 0.05
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None
p.xaxis.axis_label = "Manufacturer grouped by # Cylinders"
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1.2
p.outline_line_color = None

show(p)

Intervals

You can use bars for more than just bar charts with a common baseline. In case each category has both a starting and ending value associated, you can also use bars to represent intervals across a range for each category.

The example below supplies the hbar() function with both left and right properties to show the spread in times between gold and bronze medalists in Olympic sprinting over many years.

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.sprint import sprint

output_file("sprint.html")

sprint.Year = sprint.Year.astype(str)
group = sprint.groupby('Year')
source = ColumnDataSource(group)

p = figure(y_range=group, x_range=(9.5,12.7), width=400, height=550, toolbar_location=None,
           title="Time spreads for sprint medalists (by year)")
p.hbar(y="Year", left='Time_min', right='Time_max', height=0.4, source=source)

p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None
p.xaxis.axis_label = "Time (seconds)"
p.outline_line_color = None

show(p)

Scatters

Sometimes there are many values associated with each category. For example, a series of measurements on different days of the week. In this case, you can visualize your data using a categorical scatter plot.

Adding jitter

To avoid overlap between numerous scatter points for a single category, use the jitter() function to give each point a random offset.

The example below shows a scatter plot of every commit time for a GitHub user between 2012 and 2016. It groups commits by day of the week. By default, this plot would show thousands of points overlapping in a narrow line for each day. The jitter function lets you differentiate the points to produce a useful plot:

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.commits import data
from bokeh.transform import jitter

output_file("bars.html")

DAYS = ['Sun', 'Sat', 'Fri', 'Thu', 'Wed', 'Tue', 'Mon']

source = ColumnDataSource(data)

p = figure(height=300, y_range=DAYS, x_axis_type='datetime',
           toolbar_location=None, sizing_mode="stretch_width",
           title="Commits by time of day (US/Central) 2012—2016")

p.circle(x='time', y=jitter('day', width=0.6, range=p.y_range),  source=source, alpha=0.3)

p.xaxis[0].formatter.days = ['%Hh']
p.x_range.range_padding = 0
p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None

show(p)

Series

There may also be ordered series of data associated with each category. In such cases, the series can be represented as a line or area plotted for each category. To accomplish this, Bokeh has a concept of categorical offsets that can afford explicit control over positioning “within” a category.

Categorical offsets

Outside of the dodge and jitter functions, you can also supply an offset to a categorical location explicitly. To do so, add a numeric value to the end of a category. For example, ["Jan", 0.2] gives the category “Jan” an offset of 0.2.

For multi-level categories, add the value at the end of the existing list: ["West", "Sales", -0,2]. Bokeh interprets any numeric value at the end of a list of categories as an offset.

Take the fruit example above and modify it as follows:

fruits = ['Apples', 'Pears', 'Nectarines', 'Plums', 'Grapes', 'Strawberries']

offsets = [-0.5, -0.2, 0.0, 0.3, 0.1, 0.3]

# This results in [ ['Apples', -0.5], ['Pears', -0.2], ... ]
x = list(zip(fruits, offsets))

p.vbar(x=x, top=[5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6], width=0.8)

This will shift each bar horizontally by the corresponding offset.

Below is a more sophisticated example of a ridge plot. It uses categorical offsets to specify patch coordinates for each category.

import colorcet as cc
from numpy import linspace
from scipy.stats.kde import gaussian_kde

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, FixedTicker, PrintfTickFormatter
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.perceptions import probly

output_file("ridgeplot.html")

def ridge(category, data, scale=20):
    return list(zip([category]*len(data), scale*data))

cats = list(reversed(probly.keys()))

palette = [cc.rainbow[i*15] for i in range(17)]

x = linspace(-20,110, 500)

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(x=x))

p = figure(y_range=cats, width=700, x_range=(-5, 105), toolbar_location=None)

for i, cat in enumerate(reversed(cats)):
    pdf = gaussian_kde(probly[cat])
    y = ridge(cat, pdf(x))
    source.add(y, cat)
    p.patch('x', cat, color=palette[i], alpha=0.6, line_color="black", source=source)

p.outline_line_color = None
p.background_fill_color = "#efefef"

p.xaxis.ticker = FixedTicker(ticks=list(range(0, 101, 10)))
p.xaxis.formatter = PrintfTickFormatter(format="%d%%")

p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None
p.xgrid.grid_line_color = "#dddddd"
p.xgrid.ticker = p.xaxis[0].ticker

p.axis.minor_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.major_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.axis_line_color = None

p.y_range.range_padding = 0.12

show(p)

Heatmaps

It is possible to have values associated with pairs of categories. In this situation, applying different color shades to rectangles that represent a pair of categories will produce a categorical heatmap. Such a plot has two categorical axes.

The following plot lists years from 1948 to 2016 on its x-axis and months of the year on the y-axis. Each rectangle of the plot corresponds to a (year, month) pair. The color of the rectangle indicates the rate of unemployment in a given month of a given year.

This example uses the LinearColorMapper to map the colors of the plot because the unemployment rate is a continuous variable. This mapper is also passed to the color bar to provide a visual legend on the right:

import pandas as pd

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import (BasicTicker, ColorBar, ColumnDataSource,
                          LinearColorMapper, PrintfTickFormatter)
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.unemployment1948 import data
from bokeh.transform import transform

output_file("unemploymemt.html")

data.Year = data.Year.astype(str)
data = data.set_index('Year')
data.drop('Annual', axis=1, inplace=True)
data.columns.name = 'Month'

# reshape to 1D array or rates with a month and year for each row.
df = pd.DataFrame(data.stack(), columns=['rate']).reset_index()

source = ColumnDataSource(df)

# this is the colormap from the original NYTimes plot
colors = ["#75968f", "#a5bab7", "#c9d9d3", "#e2e2e2", "#dfccce", "#ddb7b1", "#cc7878", "#933b41", "#550b1d"]
mapper = LinearColorMapper(palette=colors, low=df.rate.min(), high=df.rate.max())

p = figure(width=800, height=300, title="US unemployment 1948—2016",
           x_range=list(data.index), y_range=list(reversed(data.columns)),
           toolbar_location=None, tools="", x_axis_location="above")

p.rect(x="Year", y="Month", width=1, height=1, source=source,
       line_color=None, fill_color=transform('rate', mapper))

color_bar = ColorBar(color_mapper=mapper,
                     ticker=BasicTicker(desired_num_ticks=len(colors)),
                     formatter=PrintfTickFormatter(format="%d%%"))

p.add_layout(color_bar, 'right')

p.axis.axis_line_color = None
p.axis.major_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.major_label_text_font_size = "7px"
p.axis.major_label_standoff = 0
p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1.0

show(p)

The following periodic table is a good example of the techniques in this chapter:

• Color mappers

• Visual offsets

• pandas DataFrames

• Tooltips

from bokeh.io import output_file, show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.sampledata.periodic_table import elements
from bokeh.transform import dodge, factor_cmap

output_file("periodic.html")

periods = ["I", "II", "III", "IV", "V", "VI", "VII"]
groups = [str(x) for x in range(1, 19)]

df = elements.copy()
df["atomic mass"] = df["atomic mass"].astype(str)
df["group"] = df["group"].astype(str)
df["period"] = [periods[x-1] for x in df.period]
df = df[df.group != "-"]
df = df[df.symbol != "Lr"]
df = df[df.symbol != "Lu"]

cmap = {
    "alkali metal"         : "#a6cee3",
    "alkaline earth metal" : "#1f78b4",
    "metal"                : "#d93b43",
    "halogen"              : "#999d9a",
    "metalloid"            : "#e08d49",
    "noble gas"            : "#eaeaea",
    "nonmetal"             : "#f1d4Af",
    "transition metal"     : "#599d7A",
}

source = ColumnDataSource(df)

p = figure(width=900, height=500, title="Periodic table (omitting LA and AC series)",
           x_range=groups, y_range=list(reversed(periods)), toolbar_location=None, tools="hover")

p.rect("group", "period", 0.95, 0.95, source=source, fill_alpha=0.6, legend_field="metal",
       color=factor_cmap('metal', palette=list(cmap.values()), factors=list(cmap.keys())))

text_props = {"source": source, "text_align": "left", "text_baseline": "middle"}

x = dodge("group", -0.4, range=p.x_range)

r = p.text(x=x, y="period", text="symbol", **text_props)
r.glyph.text_font_style="bold"

r = p.text(x=x, y=dodge("period", 0.3, range=p.y_range), text="atomic number", **text_props)
r.glyph.text_font_size="11px"

r = p.text(x=x, y=dodge("period", -0.35, range=p.y_range), text="name", **text_props)
r.glyph.text_font_size="7px"

r = p.text(x=x, y=dodge("period", -0.2, range=p.y_range), text="atomic mass", **text_props)
r.glyph.text_font_size="7px"

p.text(x=["3", "3"], y=["VI", "VII"], text=["LA", "AC"], text_align="center", text_baseline="middle")

p.hover.tooltips = [
    ("Name", "@name"),
    ("Atomic number", "@{atomic number}"),
    ("Atomic mass", "@{atomic mass}"),
    ("Type", "@metal"),
    ("CPK color", "$color[hex, swatch]:CPK"),
    ("Electronic configuration", "@{electronic configuration}"),
]

p.outline_line_color = None
p.grid.grid_line_color = None
p.axis.axis_line_color = None
p.axis.major_tick_line_color = None
p.axis.major_label_standoff = 0
p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"
p.legend.location ="top_center"

show(p)

Creating layouts Visualizing network graphs