Adding Annotations¶

Bokeh includes several different types of annotations to allow users to add supplemental information to their visualizations.

Titles¶

Title annotations allow descriptive text to be rendered around the edges of a plot.

When using bokeh.plotting or bokeh.Charts, the quickest way to add a basic title is to pass the text as the title parameter to Figure or any Chart function:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file

p = figure(title="Basic Title", plot_width=300, plot_height=300)
p.circle([1,2], [3,4])

output_file("title.html")

show(p)

The default title is normally on the top of a plot, aligned to the left. But which side of the plot the default title appears on can be controlled by the title_location parameter:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file

p = figure(title="Left Title", title_location="left",
           plot_width=300, plot_height=300)
p.circle([1,2], [3,4])

output_file("title.html")

show(p)

The default Title is accessible through the Plot.title property. Visual properties for font, border, background, and others can be set directly on .title. Here is an example that sets font and background properties as well as the title text and title alignment using .title:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file

p = figure(plot_width=300, plot_height=300)
p.circle([1,2], [3,4])

# configure visual properties on a plot's title attribute
p.title.text = "Title With Options"
p.title.align = "right"
p.title.text_color = "orange"
p.title.text_font_size = "25px"
p.title.background_fill_color = "#aaaaee"

output_file("title.html")

show(p)

Note that the alignment is measured along the direction of text. For example for titles on the left side of a plot “left” will be in the lower corner.

In addition to the default title, it is possible to create and add additional Title objects to plots using the add_layout method of Plots:

from bokeh.models import Title
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file

p = figure(title="Left Title", title_location="left",
           plot_width=300, plot_height=300)
p.circle([1,2], [3,4])

# add extra titles with add_layout(...)
p.add_layout(Title(text="Bottom Centered Title", align="center"), "below")

output_file("title.html")

show(p)

If a title and a sticky toolbar are set to the same side, they will occupy the same space:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file

p = figure(title="Top Title with Toolbar", toolbar_location="above",
           plot_width=600, plot_height=300)
p.circle([1,2], [3,4])

output_file("title.html")

show(p)

If the plot size is large enough, this can result in a more compact plot. However if the plot size is not large enough, the title and toolbar may visually overlap in way that is not desirable.

Legends¶

It is possible to create Legend annotations easily by specifying a legend argument to the glyph methods, when creating a plot.

Note

This example depends on the open source NumPy library in order to more easily generate better data suitable for demonstrating legends.

import numpy as np
from bokeh.plotting import output_file, show, figure

x = np.linspace(0, 4*np.pi, 100)
y = np.sin(x)

output_file("legend.html")

p = figure()

p.circle(x, y, legend="sin(x)")
p.line(x, y, legend="sin(x)")

p.line(x, 2*y, legend="2*sin(x)",
       line_dash=[4, 4], line_color="orange", line_width=2)

p.square(x, 3*y, legend="3*sin(x)", fill_color=None, line_color="green")
p.line(x, 3*y, legend="3*sin(x)", line_color="green")

show(p)

Automatic Grouping¶

It is also possible to create multiple legend items for the same glyph when if needed by passing a legend that is the column of the column data source.

from bokeh.io import show
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.palettes import RdBu3
from bokeh.plotting import figure

c1 = RdBu3[2] # red
c2 = RdBu3[0] # blue
source = ColumnDataSource(dict(
    x=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
    y=[2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1],
    color=[c1, c2, c1, c2, c1, c2],
    label=['hi', 'lo', 'hi', 'lo', 'hi', 'lo']
))

p = figure(x_range=(0, 7), y_range=(0, 3), plot_height=300, tools='save')

# Note legend field matches the column in `source`
p.circle( x='x', y='y', radius=0.5, color='color', legend='label', source=source)
show(p)

If you do not want this automatic behavior, you can use the field() or value() functions from bokeh.core.properties, to be explicit about your intentions. See examples/app/gapminder/main.py for an example. Alternatively, you can not specify any legend argument, and manually build a Legend by hand. You can see an example of this in examples/models/file/legends.py:

Explicit Index¶

Other times, it may be useful to expicitly tell Bokeh which index into a ColumnDataSource should be used when drawing a legend item. In particuar, if you want to draw multiple legend items for “multi” glyphs such as MultiLine or Patches. This is accomplished by specifying an index for the legend item as shown below.

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
from bokeh.models import Legend, LegendItem

p = figure()
r = p.multi_line([[1,2,3], [1,2,3]], [[1,3,2], [3,4,3]],
                 color=["orange", "red"], line_width=4)

legend = Legend(items=[
    LegendItem(label="orange", renderers=[r], index=0),
    LegendItem(label="red", renderers=[r], index=1),
])
p.add_layout(legend)

show(p)

Interactive Legends¶

It’s also possible to configure legends to be interactive, so that clicking or tapping on legend entries affects the corresponding glyph visibility. See the Interactive Legends section of the User’s Guide for more information and examples.

Note

Interactive Legends features currently work on the first, “per-glyph” style legends. Legends that are created by specifying a column to automatically group do no yet support interactive features.

Color Bars¶

A ColorBar can be created using a ColorMapper instance, which contains a color palette. Both on- and off-plot color bars are supported; the desired location can be specified when adding the ColorBar to the plot.

Note

This example depends on the open-source NumPy library in order to generate demonstration data.

import numpy as np

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show
from bokeh.models import LogColorMapper, LogTicker, ColorBar

output_file('color_bar.html')

def normal2d(X, Y, sigx=1.0, sigy=1.0, mux=0.0, muy=0.0):
    z = (X-mux)**2 / sigx**2 + (Y-muy)**2 / sigy**2
    return np.exp(-z/2) / (2 * np.pi * sigx * sigy)

X, Y = np.mgrid[-3:3:100j, -2:2:100j]
Z = normal2d(X, Y, 0.1, 0.2, 1.0, 1.0) + 0.1*normal2d(X, Y, 1.0, 1.0)
image = Z * 1e6

color_mapper = LogColorMapper(palette="Viridis256", low=1, high=1e7)

plot = figure(x_range=(0,1), y_range=(0,1), toolbar_location=None)
plot.image(image=[image], color_mapper=color_mapper,
           dh=[1.0], dw=[1.0], x=[0], y=[0])

color_bar = ColorBar(color_mapper=color_mapper, ticker=LogTicker(),
                     label_standoff=12, border_line_color=None, location=(0,0))

plot.add_layout(color_bar, 'right')

show(plot)

Arrows¶

Arrow annotations can be used to connect glyphs and label annotations or to simply highlight plot regions. Arrows are compound annotations, meaning that their start and end attributes are themselves other ArrowHead annotations. By default, the Arrow annotation is one-sided with the end set as an OpenHead-type arrow head (an open-backed wedge style) and the start property set to None. Double-sided arrows can be created by setting both the start and end properties as appropriate ArrowHead subclass instances.

Arrows have standard line properties to set the color and appearance of the arrow shaft:

my_arrow.line_color = "blue"
my_arrow.line_alpha = 0.6

Arrows may also be configured to refer to additional non-default x- or y-ranges with the x_range and y_range properties, in the same way as Twin Axes.

Additionally any arrow head objects in start or end have a size property to control how big the arrow head is, as well as both line and fill properties. The line properties control the outline of the arrow head, and the fill properties control the interior of the arrow head (if applicable).

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show
from bokeh.models import Arrow, OpenHead, NormalHead, VeeHead

output_file("arrow.html", title="arrow.py example")

p = figure(plot_width=600, plot_height=600)

p.circle(x=[0, 1, 0.5], y=[0, 0, 0.7], radius=0.1,
         color=["navy", "yellow", "red"], fill_alpha=0.1)

p.add_layout(Arrow(end=OpenHead(line_color="firebrick", line_width=4),
                   x_start=0, y_start=0, x_end=1, y_end=0))

p.add_layout(Arrow(end=NormalHead(fill_color="orange"),
                   x_start=1, y_start=0, x_end=0.5, y_end=0.7))

p.add_layout(Arrow(end=VeeHead(size=35), line_color="red",
                   x_start=0.5, y_start=0.7, x_end=0, y_end=0))

show(p)

Bands¶

A Band will create a dimensionally-linked “stripe”, either located in data or screen coordinates. One common use for the Band annotation is to indicate uncertainty related to a series of measurements.

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file
from bokeh.models import Band, ColumnDataSource
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

output_file("band.html", title="band.py example")

# Create some random data
x = np.random.random(2500) * 140 - 20
y = np.random.normal(size=2500) * 2 + 5

df = pd.DataFrame(data=dict(x=x, y=y)).sort_values(by="x")

sem = lambda x: x.std() / np.sqrt(x.size)
df2 = df.y.rolling(window=100).agg({"y_mean": np.mean, "y_std": np.std, "y_sem": sem})
df2 = df2.fillna(method='bfill')

df = pd.concat([df, df2], axis=1)
df['lower'] = df.y_mean - df.y_std
df['upper'] = df.y_mean + df.y_std

source = ColumnDataSource(df.reset_index())

TOOLS = "pan,wheel_zoom,box_zoom,reset,save"
p = figure(tools=TOOLS)

p.scatter(x='x', y='y', line_color=None, fill_alpha=0.3, size=5, source=source)

band = Band(base='x', lower='lower', upper='upper', source=source, level='underlay',
            fill_alpha=1.0, line_width=1, line_color='black')
p.add_layout(band)

p.title.text = "Rolling Standard Deviation"
p.xgrid[0].grid_line_color=None
p.ygrid[0].grid_line_alpha=0.5
p.xaxis.axis_label = 'X'
p.yaxis.axis_label = 'Y'

show(p)

Box Annotations¶

A BoxAnnotation can be linked to either data or screen coordinates in order to emphasize specific plot regions. By default, box annotation dimensions (e.g. left or top) default will extend the annotation to the edge of the plot area.

from bokeh.sampledata.glucose import data
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file
from bokeh.models import BoxAnnotation

output_file("box_annotation.html", title="box_annotation.py example")

TOOLS = "pan,wheel_zoom,box_zoom,reset,save"

#reduce data size
data = data.loc['2010-10-06':'2010-10-13']

p = figure(x_axis_type="datetime", tools=TOOLS)

p.line(data.index.to_series(), data['glucose'], line_color="gray", line_width=1, legend="glucose")

low_box = BoxAnnotation(top=80, fill_alpha=0.1, fill_color='red')
mid_box = BoxAnnotation(bottom=80, top=180, fill_alpha=0.1, fill_color='green')
high_box = BoxAnnotation(bottom=180, fill_alpha=0.1, fill_color='red')

p.add_layout(low_box)
p.add_layout(mid_box)
p.add_layout(high_box)

p.title.text = "Glucose Range"
p.xgrid[0].grid_line_color=None
p.ygrid[0].grid_line_alpha=0.5
p.xaxis.axis_label = 'Time'
p.yaxis.axis_label = 'Value'

show(p)

Labels¶

Labels are text elements that can be used to annotate either glyphs or plot regions.

To create a single text label, use the Label annotation. This annotation is configured with a text property containing the text to be displayed, as well as x and y properties to set the position (in screen or data space units). Additionally a render mode "canvas" or "css" may be specified. Finally, labels have text, border_line, and background_fill properties. These control the visual appearance of the text, as well as the border and background of the bounding box for the text:

Label(x=70, y=70, x_units='screen', text='Some Stuff', render_mode='css',
      border_line_color='black', border_line_alpha=1.0,
      background_fill_color='white', background_fill_alpha=1.0)

To create several labels at once, possibly to easily annotate another existing glyph, use the LabelSet annotation, which is configured with a data source, with the text and x and y positions are given as column names. LabelSet objects can also have x_offset and y_offset, which specify a distance in screen space units to offset the label positions from x and y. Finally the render level may be controlled with the level property, to place the label above or underneath other renderers:

LabelSet(x='x', y='y', text='names', level='glyph',
         x_offset=5, y_offset=5, source=source)

The following example illustrates the use of both:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file
from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, Range1d, LabelSet, Label

output_file("label.html", title="label.py example")

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(height=[66, 71, 72, 68, 58, 62],
                                    weight=[165, 189, 220, 141, 260, 174],
                                    names=['Mark', 'Amir', 'Matt', 'Greg',
                                           'Owen', 'Juan']))

p = figure(title='Dist. of 10th Grade Students at Lee High',
           x_range=Range1d(140, 275))
p.scatter(x='weight', y='height', size=8, source=source)
p.xaxis[0].axis_label = 'Weight (lbs)'
p.yaxis[0].axis_label = 'Height (in)'

labels = LabelSet(x='weight', y='height', text='names', level='glyph',
              x_offset=5, y_offset=5, source=source, render_mode='canvas')

citation = Label(x=70, y=70, x_units='screen', y_units='screen',
                 text='Collected by Luke C. 2016-04-01', render_mode='css',
                 border_line_color='black', border_line_alpha=1.0,
                 background_fill_color='white', background_fill_alpha=1.0)

p.add_layout(labels)
p.add_layout(citation)

show(p)

Slopes¶

Slope annotations are lines which may be sloped and extend to the edge of the plot area.

import numpy as np

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file
from bokeh.models import Slope

output_file("slope.html", title="slope.py example")

# linear equation parameters
gradient = 2
y_intercept = 10

# create random data
xpts = np.arange(0, 20)
ypts = gradient * xpts + y_intercept + np.random.normal(0, 4, 20)

p = figure(plot_width=450, plot_height=450, y_range=(0, 1.1 * max(ypts)))

p.circle(xpts, ypts, size=5, color="skyblue")

slope = Slope(gradient=gradient, y_intercept=y_intercept,
              line_color='orange', line_dash='dashed', line_width=3.5)

p.add_layout(slope)

p.yaxis.axis_label = 'y'
p.xaxis.axis_label = 'x'

show(p)

Spans¶

Span annotations are lines that have a single dimension (width or height) and extend to the edge of the plot area.

from datetime import datetime as dt
import time

from bokeh.sampledata.daylight import daylight_warsaw_2013
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file
from bokeh.models import Span

output_file("span.html", title="span.py example")

p = figure(x_axis_type="datetime", y_axis_type="datetime")

p.line(daylight_warsaw_2013.Date, daylight_warsaw_2013.Sunset,
       line_dash='solid', line_width=2, legend="Sunset")
p.line(daylight_warsaw_2013.Date, daylight_warsaw_2013.Sunrise,
       line_dash='dotted', line_width=2, legend="Sunrise")

start_date = time.mktime(dt(2013, 3, 31, 2, 0, 0).timetuple())*1000
daylight_savings_start = Span(location=start_date,
                              dimension='height', line_color='green',
                              line_dash='dashed', line_width=3)
p.add_layout(daylight_savings_start)

end_date = time.mktime(dt(2013, 10, 27, 3, 0, 0).timetuple())*1000
daylight_savings_end = Span(location=end_date,
                            dimension='height', line_color='red',
                            line_dash='dashed', line_width=3)
p.add_layout(daylight_savings_end)

p.title.text = "2013 Sunrise and Sunset times in Warsaw"
p.yaxis.axis_label = 'Time of Day'

show(p)

Whiskers¶

A Whisker will create a dimensionally-linked “stem”, either located in data or screen coordinates. Indicating error or uncertainty for measurements at a single point would be one common use for the Whisker annotation.

from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, Whisker
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
from bokeh.sampledata.autompg import autompg as df

colors = ["red", "olive", "darkred", "goldenrod", "skyblue", "orange", "salmon"]

p = figure(plot_width=600, plot_height=300, title="Years vs mpg with Quartile Ranges")

base, lower, upper = [], [], []

for i, year in enumerate(list(df.yr.unique())):
    year_mpgs = df[df['yr'] == year]['mpg']
    mpgs_mean = year_mpgs.mean()
    mpgs_std = year_mpgs.std()
    lower.append(mpgs_mean - mpgs_std)
    upper.append(mpgs_mean + mpgs_std)
    base.append(year)

source_error = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(base=base, lower=lower, upper=upper))

p.add_layout(
    Whisker(source=source_error, base="base", upper="upper", lower="lower")
)

for i, year in enumerate(list(df.yr.unique())):
    y = df[df['yr'] == year]['mpg']
    color = colors[i % len(colors)]
    p.circle(x=year, y=y, color=color)

show(p)